|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
Raeren Stoneware
Description
Fabric: Gray stoneware. Picture Glaze: Salt-glazed. Under the glaze the vessels can be decorated with brown, cobalt blue, and by 1665, sometimes with manganese purple (Noel Hume 1991:281). Form: In the Chesapeake, the only forms recorded are the baluster and the biconic jug, however, the potters in and around Raeren made a wide range of forms (Reineking-von Bock 1986; Gaimster 1997a). Discussion
On Virginia excavations, blue and gray German stonewares are typically called "Westerwald." Some of these are actually products of Raeren, which by 1587 invented the blue and gray decoration associated with the Westerwald (Gaimster 1997a:225, 251). This confusion results from late 16th-century Raeren potters moving to the Westerwald, and in some cases continuing to use Raeren designs until the later 17th century (Gaimster 1997a:226). In the first half of the 17th century, blue and gray vessels from the two different areas are "virtually identical" (Noel Hume 1991:280). Raeren potters originally used a brown surface, and the immigrants did not carry this finish into the Westerwald. Raeren continued to make "Westerwald-style" jugs in brown, as well as blue and gray, which in some cases have accidental patches of brown. Hurst et al. recommend using the Raeren name only for brown vessels, while calling Raeren blue and gray products "Westerwald-type" (1986:221). The two forms found in the Chesapeake, baluster and biconic jugs, are essentially the same shape. The baluster, or panel jug, originated in the 1570s (Gaimster 1997a:225) and has a flattened midgirth panel which was decorated with applied molding. A biconic is a baluster jug without the panel. Westerwald blue and gray is relatively common in Virginia, but it is unclear what percentage of this is actually Raeren, although one example has been found in James Fort. Brown vessels were made until the end of the 18th century (Gaimster 1997a:226), but they are rare in Virginia and the two known examples appear to be early 17th century. Sources
Allan, John P. (1984) Medieval and
Post-Medieval Finds from Exeter, 1971-1980. Exeter
City Council and The University of Exeter.
(1994) Imported Pottery in South-West England, c. 1350-1550. Medieval Ceramics 18:45-50. Allan, John, and James Barber, with a contribution by David Higgins. (1992) A seventeenth-century pottery group from Kitto Institute, Plymouth. In Everyday and Exotic Pottery from Europe: Studies in honour of John G. Hurst, edited by David Gaimster and Mark Redknap, pp.225-245. Oxbow Books, Oxford. Braat, J., J.H.G. Gawronski, J.B. Kist, A.E.D.M. van de Put, and J.P. Sigmond. (1998) Behouden uit het Behouden Huys. De Bataafsche Leeuw, Amsterdam. de Bodt, Saskia. (1991) Dated ceramic wares. Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam. De Witte, Hubert (ed). (1990) Brugge Onder-Zocht: Tien jaar stadsarcheologisch onderzoek 1977-1987. VZW Archeo-Brugge, Brugge. Gaimster, David R.M., with contributions by Robin Hildyard, John A. Goodall, Judy Rudoe, Duncan R. Hook, Ian C. Freestone, and Mike S. Tite. (1997a) German Stoneware 1200-1900: Archaeology and Cultural History. British Museum Press, London. (1997b) Rhenish stoneware from shipwrecks: the study of ceramic function and lifespan. In Artefacts from Wrecks: Dated Assemblages from the Late Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution, Oxbow Monograph 84, edited by Mark Redknap, pp.121-128. Oxbow Books, Oxford. Gaimster, David R.M., and Duncan R. Hook. (1995) Post-Medieval Stoneware Manufacture and Trade in the Rhineland and Southern Britain: A Programme of Neutron Activation Analysis at the British Museum. In Trade and Discovery: The Scientific Study of Artefacts from Post-Medieval Europe and Beyond, British Museum Occasional Paper 109, edited by Duncan R. Hook and David R.M. Gaimster, pp.69-90. The British Museum, London. Gaskell Brown, Cynthia (ed). (1979) Castle Street: The Pottery, Plymouth Museum Archaeological Series, Number 1. Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery, Plymouth. Green, Jeremy N. (1989) The loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie retourschip Batavia... Western Australia 1629, BAR International Series 489. B.A.R., Oxford. Hurst, John G., David S. Neal, and H.J.E. van Beuningen. (1986) Pottery Produced and Traded in North-West Europe 1350-1650, Rotterdam Papers, 6, Rotterdam. Jennings, Sarah, with M.M. Karshner, W.F. Milligan, and S.V. Williams. (1981) Eighteen centuries of pottery from Norwich, East Anglian Archaeology Report No. 13. The Norwich Survey, Norwich. Klinge, Ekkart. (1996) German Stoneware. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Amsterdam. Kohnemann, Michel. (1982) Auflagen auf Raerener Steinzeug, ein Bildwerk. Topfereimuseum, Raeren. Lenting, J.J, H. van Gangelen, and H. van Westing (ed). (1993) Schans op de Grens: Bourtanger bodemvondsten 1580-1850. Stichting Vesting Bourtange, Sellingen. Noel Hume, Ivor. (1967) Rhenish Gray Stonewares in colonial America. Antiques, September 1967. (1991) A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Originally published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1969. Vintage Books, New York. Platt, Colin, and Richard Coleman-Smith, with P.A. Faulkner, M.R. Maitland Muller, J.S. Wacher, F.A. Aberg, and others. (1975) Excavations in Medieval Southampton 1953-1969, Volume 2: The finds. Leicester University Press, Leicester. Reineking-von Bock, Gisela. (1986) Steinzeug. Third edition. Kunstgewerbemuseum Koln, Cologne. Ruempol, A.P.E., and Alexandra G.A. van Dongen. (1991) Pre-industrial Utensils. Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam. Veeckman, Johan (ed). (1992) Blik in de bodem: Recent stadsarcheologisch onderzoek in Antwerpen. Stad Antwerpen, Antwerp. Sites St. Mary's City, Maryland Browning Farm 44CC8, Virginia Chesopean 44VB48, Virginia James Fort, Virginia Prepared by Taft Kiser |
|||||||||
 |
|||||||||
 |
|||||||||
